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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Estonian literature ： ウィキペディア英語版 Estonian literature Estonian literature ((エストニア語:eesti kirjandus)) refers to literature written in the Estonian language (c. 1,100,000 speakers) 〔(Estonian literature ) at Encyclopædia Britannica〕 The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. ''Originates Livoniae'' in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The ''Liber Census Daniae'' (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.〔(The Development of Written Estonian By George Kurman ) ISBN 0-7007-0380-2〕 The earliest extant samples of connected Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528.〔(Aspects of Altaic Civilization By Denis Sinor ) ISBN 0-7007-0380-2〕 The first known printed book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S.Wanradt and J. Koell (1535). For the use of priests an Estonian grammar was printed in German in 1637.〔(Dictionary of Languages By Andrew Dalby; p. 182 ) ISBN 0-231-11569-5〕 The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). Based on northern Estonian the two dialects were united by Anton Thor Helle. Writings in Estonian became more significant in the 19th century during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). The cultural stratum of Estonian was originally characterised by a largely lyrical form of folk poetry based on syllabic quantity. Apart from a few albeit remarkable exceptions, this archaic form has not been much employed in later times. The most outstanding achievements in this field are the national epic Kalevipoeg (Son of Kalev), written by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882); Gustav Suits's ballad ''Lapse sünd'' (Birth of a Child); Villem Grünthal-Ridala's (1885–1942) poem ''Toomas ja Mai'' (Toomas and Mai) and three poems by August Annist (1899–1972). At a professional level, traditional folk song reached its new heyday during the last quarter of the 20th century, primarily thanks to the work of composer Veljo Tormis. In modern times Jaan Kross〔(Jaan Kross ) at google.books〕 and Jaan Kaplinski〔(Jaan Kaplinski ) at google.books〕 remain to be Estonia's best known and most translated writers. ==History of Estonian literature== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Estonian literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.